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Home
Alphabet
Rules
of writing and speech
Numbers
Verbal
preposition
Pronoun
Aspect
Comparisons
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Linars is an artificial language. Linars means
"Lingua ars" ("Art language", in Latin).
Alphabet
Legend: "big letter, small letter"
= "short name, long name" (equivalent sound in word).
Most sound equivalent to the words from English, but a few are
from other (specified) languages.
Consonants:
"T, t" = "te, torga"
(television)
"M, m" = "me, mudi"
(melamine)
"B, b" = "be, bolta"
(bell)
"C, c" = "ce, corsa"
(kerosen). This is a hard "c".
"R, r" = "re, roza"
(rest)
"V, v" = "ve, vorta"
(vein)
"Z, z" = "ze, zocta"
(zenith)
"G, g" = "ge, gras"
(like "geisha", not like "gelatin") This is
a hard "g".
"J, j" = "je, jupa"
(like Romanian "jeleu", not like "gel")
"P, p" = "pe, pleta"
(pejorative)
"D, d" = "de, delta"
(debacle)
"H, h" = "he, hera"
(herald)
"N, n" = "ne, nitu"
(ness)
"L, l" = "le, lema"
(lepton)
"F, f" = "fe, file"
(felicity)
"S, s" = "se, sigma"
(seldom)
"K, k" = "ke, kimo"
(like "sh" from "shell")
Soft consonants:
"Ch, ch" = "che, cherta"
(like Italian "ciao" and "cerca"). This is a
soft "c".
"Gh, gh" = "ghe, ghenta"
(giant, gem). This is a soft "g".
"Ih, ih" = "luzih"
(like Romanian "brazi"). This is a soft "i".
This letter has to be the last from a word, else it can be
distinguished from "i".
Vowels:
"A, a" = "a, alfa"
(bar)
"O, o" = "o, omeg"
(bolster)
"I, i" = "i, iota"
(zig)
"E, e" = "e, epsi"
(bell)
"U, u" = "u, ulma"
(crucial)
"W, w" = "w, writ"
(like "u" form "turn")
"Y, y" = "y, yntos"
(like "î" from Romanian "întors")
Rules of writing
and speech
Punctuation signs: " ^ - \ _ . , ' "
; : ... ( ) ".
The accent is put on the second syllable of a
word, or on the one above which there is a circumflex accent
("^").
The number of syllables from a word is equal
with the number of vowels it has. Each syllable ends with a
vowel, except for the last syllable from a word which ca end with
a consonant. There are no diphthongs or triphthongs, though a
horizontal bar above a vowel indicates that it forms a diphthong
or triphthong with the next vowels.
All words are read as they are written, similar
to the Latin style.
The only words with one letter are the short
names of the vowels. The only words with 2 letters are the short
names of the consonants. The only words with 3 letters are the
words from the basic grammar. Except the predefined words, all
words must have at least 4 letters.
Any new words can be created, but it's
preferable for each word to have a unique meaning.
Neologisms must be written as they sound in
their original language.
All names are written and read as in their
source language, but adapted as much as possible to the Linars
alphabet.
All writing can be done with small letters. Big
letters can be used when it is desired to make something visible,
like the beginning of sentences or the beginning of names.
The separation of a word on two different
consecutive lines of text is done with a backslash ("\")
at the end of the first line (where the first part of the word
is). Words can be split between any letters.
Composite words are a sequence of words
separated with a line ("-") or underscore ("_").
Quotes are written between quote marks ("
"some text" "). Imbricated quotes are written
between apostrophes (" 'some text' ").
Words whose intended meaning is different than
the usual meaning of the words are written between quote marks ("
"" ").
Each sentence ends with a dot (".").
Acronyms are written with big letters. For
emphasis, they can also end with an apostrophe (" ' ").
The separator of phrases in a sentence is the
comma (",").
Numbers
Legend: "digit" = "name".
Digits:
"0" = "ta"
"1" = "ma"
"2" = "ba"
"3" = "ca"
"4" = "ra"
"5" = "va"
"6" = "za"
"7" = "ga"
"8" = "ja"
"9" = "pa"
Numeric groups
A spoken (or written with words, not numbers)
numerical group has 3 digits. If a number has a single digit, a
zero must be used in its front.
Numerical groups (written with digits) are
separated with apostrophes (" ' "). It's not mandatory.
When a digit is repeated in a numerical group,
repeaters must be used (instead of repeating the word of the
digit).
Repeaters:
Examples:
"tama" = 01.
"tadema" = 001.
"made" = 11.
"tamade" = 011.
"madu" = 111.
Numeric order
Multiplicative = "o" + numeric group.
This represents 10 ^ (+ numeric group).
Fractional = "i" + numeric group. This
represents 10 ^ (- numeric group).
The numeric group can be only from 0 to 999.
There is no need to fill the group with zeros.
Examples:
"ota" / "ita" = units
(10 ^ 0).
"oma" = thousands (10 ^ 3).
"oba" = millions (10 ^ 6).
"oca" = billions (10 ^ 9).
"ora" = trillions (10 ^ 12).
"ima" = thousandth (10 ^ -3).
"iba" = millionth (10 ^ -6).
"ica" = billionth (10 ^ -9).
"ira" = trillionth (10 ^ -12).
Cardinal numerals
Brackets are used to indicate that the text
between them can miss.
Form = [plus / minus][((numeric
group)(multiplicative numeric order))*["ota" / "ita"]]
[((numeric group)(multiplicative numeric order))*] .
The decimal separator (between the integer and
fractional parts) is the dot ("."). Numeric writing:
[sign] [integer part] ["." fractional part].
Examples:
00 = "tade [ota / ita]".
000 = "tadu [ota / ita]".
111 = "madu [ota / ita]".
022 = "tabade [ota / ita]".
007 = "taduga [ota / ita]".
102 = "mataba [ota / ita]".
Derivative prepositions
The meaning of cardinal numeral changes when a
derivative preposition is used in its front.
Prepositions:
Multiplicative = "hat" cardinal
numeral. Ex: "twice".
Fractional = "ham" cardinal
numeral. Ex: "half".
Collective = "hab" cardinal
numeral. Ex: "both items".
Distributive = "hac" cardinal
numeral. Ex: "each two items".
Adverbial = "har" cardinal
numeral. Ex: "every second item".
Ordinate = "hav" cardinal
numeral. Ex: "the second item".
Verbal preposition
A verbal preposition is put in front of a verb
to change its meaning.
Form = voice + mood + time / tense.
Voice:
Active = "t". Ex: "I move
something".
Passive = "m". Ex: "I am
being moved".
Reflexive = "b". Ex: "I move
myself".
Mood:
Indicative = "a". Ex: "move".
Conjunctive = "o". Ex: "to
move".
Causal = "i". Ex: "in order
to move".
Conditional = "e". Ex: "would
move".
Time:
General = "n". The general time
has no precise time frame. Ex: "to move, moving (like the
usual occupation)".
Past = "l". Ex: "I moved".
Present = "f". Ex: "I move".
Future = "s". Ex: "I will
move".
The implicit verbal preposition (that is, if
nothing is specified) is "tan".
If a verbal preposition is put in front of a
noun, it transforms the noun into a verb with the meaning "to
do / create that what the noun is".
The time of the main verb of a sentence must be
relative to the time of the writing / speech, independent from
the other sentences. The time of the secondary verbs of a
sentence must be relative to the time of the main verb.
If nothing else is specified, then it is
considered that the action of a verb has begun before the time
specified by the verb and has not ended at the time specified by
the verb.
Examples
The times of the verbs from the following cases
are specified as they must be in Linars (not as they are in
English).
In the following cases the time of the first
verb is past:
"When she arrived, I had already
finished writing". The time of the second verb is past.
"When she arrived, I was writing".
The time of the second verb is present.
"When she arrived, I was about to
start writing". The time of the second verb is future.
In the following cases the time of the first
verb is future:
"When she will arrive, I will already
have finished writing". The time of the second verb is
past.
"When she will arrive, I will be
writing". The time of the second verb is present.
"When she will arrive, I will start
writing". The time of the second verb is future.
Pronoun
The personal pronoun can replace the noun or
emphasize the noun which follows after it. If the noun is not
preceded by a noun, it is considered that the noun is the general
one ("can" = somebody, anybody).
Form = number + person + gender.
Number:
General = "c"
Singular = "r"
Plural = "v"
Person:
General = "a"
First = "o"
Second = "i"
Third = "e"
Gender:
General = "n"
Feminine = "l"
Masculine = "f"
Examples
I = "ron". You = "rin". He /
She / It = "ren". We = "von". You = "vin".
They = "ven".
Other pronouns
Legend: Linars form = English form
Personal pronoun + reflexive voice verb =
reflexive pronoun + verb.
Possession preposition + personal pronoun =
possessive pronoun.
Aspect
These prepositions modify the meaning of the
verb / noun / adjective which follows after it.
Form = "z" + sign + type.
Sign
Type
Affirmative = "n". (ex: [don't]
walk)
Interrogative = "l". (ex: [don't]
walk ?)
Imperative = "f". (ex: [don't]
walk (already) !)
The implicit aspect (= if no aspect is
specified) is "zan".
If in a phrase two words words are logically
connected then the aspect of the second word is relative to the
aspect of the first word. This means, for example, that two
consecutive negations annihilate each other. The number of
negations in a sentence must be minimum.
The short answer (= "yes" or
"no") to a question is relative to the main verb of the
question. The long answer (= the complete explanation of
the reality) to a question is relative to the reality; if the
answer is not relative to the reality then it must be specified
what it is relative to.
For example, to the question "Is it correct
(/ not wrong)...?":
If the reality is correct then the
answer sentence must be "Yes, the reality is correct."
If the reality is wrong then the
answer sentence must be "No, the reality is wrong."
To the question "Is it wrong (/ not
correct)...?":
If the reality is correct then the
answer sentence must be "No, the reality is correct."
If the reality is wrong then the
answer sentence must be "Yes, the reality is wrong."
Comparisons
Comparison prepositions change the meaning
(either the quantity or quality) of the adjective which follows.
Amplification toward "most":
Amplification toward "least":
Various:
Neutral, normal, so-so = "git".
This is the implicit comparison.
Equal, the same = "gim".
Approximately the same = "gib".
Different = "gic".
Undetermined = "gir".
Compared to, among, between = "giv".
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